Recent Advances in the Synthesis of Morphine and Related Alkaloids; by N. Chida§Opioids in Preclinical and Clinical Traials; by K. Kawai and S. Sakami§Twin and Triplet Drugs in Opioid; by H. Fujii §Synthesis of Neoclerodane Diterpenes (Salvinorin Derivatives) and Their Pharmacological Effects; by T. E. Prisinzano§Synthesis of Novel Basic Opioid Skeletons Derived from Naltrexone; by H. Nagase §Nonpeptidic d Opioid Agonists: What Have We Learned?; by S. N. Calderson§Synthesis of 14-Alkoxy- and 14-Aminomorphinan Derivatives and Their Pharmacological Actions ; by H. Schmidhammer and M. Spetea §Development of Novel Opioid Mimetics, Agonists and Antagonists ; by Y. Okada and Y. Tsuda§3D-Pharmacophore Identification for k Opioid Agonists Using Ligand-Based Drug Design Techniques; by N. Yamaotsu and S. Hironi