This book uncovers the early history of international testing. As international assessments such as PISA have come to play a central role in shaping educational discourse and practice across the world, there is a need for understanding the historical roots of how we measure performance in education on an international scale. To date there are no systematic studies on the early history of international assessments. This volume tells the story of the organization that pioneered the field of international large-scale assessments. It is a history of how international education statistics were created in collaboration between scholars representing school systems on four continents during the period between 1958-1976. Focusing on the negotiations involved in creating global knowledge, the book aims to understand the processes by which international data was constructed and disseminated. At the center of the investigation is the International Association for the Evaluation of Educational Achievement (IEA), an organization that originated as a loose network in the late 1950s and is still active.