Selenium is an essential trace element whose importance extends beyond nutrition, playing a role in fundamental processes in biochemistry, medicine, toxicology, environmental science, agriculture, and analytical chemistry. This book offers a comprehensive and up-to-date overview of this element, covering its history, physicochemical properties, speciation, biogeochemical cycle, biological functions, metabolism, deficiency, toxicity, and health effects. It also analyzes modern methodologies for its determination and speciation, including advanced instrumental techniques, sensors, and nanosensors, along with their applications in health, industry, technology, and environmental monitoring. Finally, it presents emerging trends in research, such as nanotechnology, artificial intelligence, personalized medicine, and the One Health approach. Aimed at students, educators, researchers, and professionals, this book serves as a current reference for understanding the role of selenium and its future scientific challenges.