This book offers a systematic and critical reconstruction of political economy from the standpoint of contemporary Chinese Marxism. It challenges the foundational assumptions of neoclassical theory-the self-interested economic man, the alleged trade-off between fairness and efficiency, and the naturalization of capitalist social relations-and puts forward a coherent theoretical alternative grounded in the principles of public ownership, planned regulation, and the organic unity of market and state. Through its rigorous engagement with both classical sources and current debates, it provides a comprehensive framework for understanding the structural dynamics of modern capitalism, the developmental trajectory of China's socialist market economy, and the prospects for a just and sustainable world order. Essential reading for scholars and students of political economy, development studies, and international relations.