Lithium Batteries: Science and Technology

Chapter 1. Basic elements for energy storage and conversion 1.1 Energy storage ability 1.2 The sustained energy 1.3 Energy storage for nano-electronics 1.4 Energy storage 1.5 Brief history of electrochemical cells 1.5.1 Milestones 1.5.2 Battery designs 1.6 Key parameters of batteries 1.6.1 Basic parameters 1.6.2 Cycle life and calendar life 1.6.3 Energy, capacity and power 1.6.3.1 Modified Peukert plot 1.6.3.2 Ragone figure 1.7 Electrochemical Systems 1.7.1 Batteries 1.7.2 Electrochromics and smart windows 1.7.3 Supercapacitors 1.8 Concluding remarks References Chapter 2. Lithium batteries 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Historical overview 2.3 Primary lithium batteries 2.3.1 High temperature lithium cells 2.3.1.1 Lithium iron disulfide battery 2.3.1.2 Lithium chloride battery 2.3.2 Solid-State electrolyte lithium batteries 2.3.2.1 Lithium-iodine cells 2.3.2.2 Li/LiI-Al2O3/PbI2 cells 2.3.2.3 Carbon tetramethyl-ammonium penta-iodide batteries 2.3.2.4 Lithium bromine trifluoride battery 2.3.3 Liquid cathode lithium batteries 2.3.3.1 Lithium thionyl-chloride batteries 2.3.3.2 Lithium-sulfur dioxide batteries 2.3.4 Solid Cathode lithium Batteries 2.3.4.1 Lithium polycarbon fluoride cells 2.3.4.2 Lithium manganese oxide batteries 2.3.4.3 Low temperature lithium iron batteries 2.3.4.4 Silver vanadium oxide cells 2.3.4.5 Other primary lithium batteries 2.4 Secondary lithium batteries 2.4.1 Lithium-metal batteries 2.4.2 Lithium-ion batteries 2.4.2.1 Principle 2.4.2.2 Energy diagram 2.4.2.3 Design and manufacturing 2.4.3 Lithium polymer batteries 2.4.4 Lithium sulfur batteries 2.5 Economy of lithium batteries 2.6 Battery modeling References Chapter 3. Principle of intercalation 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Intercalation mechanism 3.3 The Gibbs' phase rule 3.4 Classification of intercalation reactions 3.4.1 The perfectly non-stoichiometric compounds. Type-I electrode 3.4.2 The pseudo two-phase system. Type-II electrode 3.4.3. The two-phase system. Type-III electrode 3.4.4 The adjacent domain. Type-IV electrode 3.5 Intercalation in layered compounds 3.5.1 Synthesis of ICs 3.5.2 Alkali intercalation into layered compounds 3.6 Electronic energy in ICs 3.7 Origin of the high voltage in ICs 3.8 Lithium battery cathodes 3.9 Conversion reaction 3.10 Alloying reaction References Chapitre 4. Reliability of the rigid-band model in lithium intercalation compounds 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Evolution of the Fermi level 4.3 Electronic structure of TMDs 4.4 Lithium intercalation in TiS2 4.5 Lithium intercalation in TaS2 4.6 Lithium intercalation in 2H-MoS2 4.7 Lithium intercalation in WS2 4.8 Lithium intercalation in InSe 4.10 Electrochemical properties of TMCs 4.11 Concluding remarks References Chapter 5. Cathode materials with 2-dimensional structure 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Binary layered oxides 5.2.1 MoO3 5.2.2 V2O5 5.2.3 LiV3O8 5.3 Ternary layered oxides 5.3.1 LiCoO2 (LCO) 5.3.2 LiNiO2 (LNO) 5.3.3 LiNi1-yCoyO2 (NCO) 5.3.4 Doped LiCoO2 (d-LCO) 5.3.5 LiNi1-y-zCoyAlzO2 (NCA) 5.3.6 LiNi0.5Mn0.5O2 (NMO) 5.3.7 LiNi1-y-zMnyCozO2 (NMC) 5.3.8 Li2MnO3 5.3.9 Li-rich layered compounds (LNMC) 5.3.10 Other layered compounds 5.3.10.1 Mn-based oxides 5.3.10.2 Chromium oxides 5.3.10.3 Iron-based oxides 5.4 Concluding remarks References Chapter 6. Cathode materials with monoatomic ions in a 3-D framework 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Manganese dioxides 6.2.1 MnO2 6.2.2 MnO2-based composites 6.2.3 MnO2 nanorods 6.2.4 Birnessite 6.3 Lithiated manganese dioxides 6.3.1 Li0.33MnO2 6.3.2 Li0.44MnO2 6.3.3 LiMnO2 6.3.4 LixNa0.5-xMnO2 6.4 Lithium manganese spinels 6.4.1 LiMn2O4 (LMO) 6.4.2 Surface modified LMO 6.4.3 Defect spinels 6.4.4 Li doped spinels 6.5 Five-volt Spinels 6.6. Vanadium oxides 6.6.1 V6O13 6.6.2 LiVO2 6.6.3 VO2(B) 6.7 Concluding remarks References Chapter 7. PO4-based compounds as cathode materials 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Synthesis routes 7.2.1 Solid-state reaction 7.2.2 Sol-gel method 7.2.3 Hydrothermal method 7.2.4 Coprecipitation method 7.2.5 Microwave synthesis 7.2.6 Poly